No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | dāna | generosity | giving | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
2 | sīla | ethics | virtue, moriality | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
3 | nekkhamma | renunciation | letting go | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
4 | paññā | wisdom | knowledge, discernment, insight | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
5 | viriya | energy | vigor | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
6 | khanti | patience | forbearance | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
7 | sacca | truthfulness | truth | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
8 | adhiṭṭhāna | determination | persistence | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
9 | mettā | lovingkindness | good will, friendliness, benevolence | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
10 | upekkhā | equanimity | equilibrium | 10 perfections (pāramī) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Vinaya | Discipline | monastic code, discipline, law | 3 baskets (piṭaka) |
2 | Sutta | Discourses | scriptures | 3 baskets (piṭaka) |
3 | Abhidhamma | Analysis | analytical texts | 3 baskets (piṭaka) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | anicca | impermanent | inconstant | 3 characteristics/marks (lakkhaṇa) |
2 | dukkha | dissatisfaction | suffering, pain, distress, discontent | 3 characteristics/marks (lakkhaṇa) |
3 | anattā | not-self | selflessness, ownerlessness | 3 characteristics/marks (lakkhaṇa) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | lobha | attachment | grasping, greed, lust | 3 poisons/defilements (kilesa) |
2 | dosa | aversion | hatred, ill-will, malevolence | 3 poisons/defilements (kilesa) |
3 | moha | delusion | ignorance, confusion | 3 poisons/defilements (kilesa) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Buddha | Buddha | Teacher, Blessed One, Realized One | 3 refuges (saraṇa)/jewels/gems (ratana) |
2 | Dhamma | Dhamma | Teachings, Truth, Way – commonly used Dharma | 3 refuges (saraṇa)/jewels/gems (ratana) |
3 | Saṅgha | Sangha | Community, Order (of monastics) | 3 refuges (saraṇa)/jewels/gems (ratana) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | mettā | lovingkindness | goodwill, friendliness, benevolence | 4 divine abidings/abodes (brahmavihāra) |
2 | karuṇā | compassion | empathy | 4 divine abidings/abodes (brahmavihāra) |
3 | muditā | sympathetic joy | appreciation, empathic joy, celebration | 4 divine abidings/abodes (brahmavihāra) |
4 | upekkhā | equanimity | equilibrium | 4 divine abidings/abodes (brahmavihāra) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | kāya | body | physical form, physicality | 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna) |
2 | vedanā | feelings | affect, charge | 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna) |
3 | saṅkhāra | mind states | mental states, emotional states, mind | 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna) |
4 | dhamma | qualities | mind-objects [often not translated ‘dhammas’] | 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | dukkha | dissatisfaction | suffering, pain, distress, discontent | 4 Noble Truths |
2 | taṇhā | craving | grasping, thirst (lit.) | 4 Noble Truths |
3 | nirodha | cessation | stilling, ceasing, stopping | 4 Noble Truths |
4 | magga | path | way | 4 Noble Truths |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sotāpanna | stream-entry/enterer | stream-winner | 4 paths (magga) and fruits (phala) |
2 | sakadāgāmī | once-return/returner | 4 paths (magga) and fruits (phala) | |
3 | anāgāmī | non-return/returner | 4 paths (magga) and fruits (phala) | |
4 | arahant | arahant | Perfected One | 4 paths (magga) and fruits (phala) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | rūpa | form | body, appearance, physical phenomena | 5 aggregates/aspects/heaps (khandha) |
2 | vedanā | feeling | affect, charge | 5 aggregates/aspects/heaps (khandha) |
3 | saññā | perception | recognition, interpretation | 5 aggregates/aspects/heaps (khandha) |
4 | saṅkhāra | formations | choices, volitional formations, kammic formations, conditioned phenomena | 5 aggregates/aspects/heaps (khandha) |
5 | viññāṇa | consciousness | knowing, cognizance | 5 aggregates/aspects/heaps (khandha) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dīgha Nikāya | Long Discourses | 5 collections (nikāya) of discourses (sutta) | |
2 | Majjhima Nikāya | Middle Length Discourses | 5 collections (nikāya) of discourses (sutta) | |
3 | Saṃyutta Nikāya | Connected Discourses | Linked Discourses | 5 collections (nikāya) of discourses (sutta) |
4 | Aṅguttara Nikāya | Numbered Discourses | Numerical Discourses | 5 collections (nikāya) of discourses (sutta) |
5 | Khuddaka Nikāya | Minor Discourses | 5 collections (nikāya) of discourses (sutta) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | saddhā | faith | conviction | 5 faculties (indriya) |
2 | viriya | energy | persistence, effort | 5 faculties (indriya) |
3 | sati | mindfulness | memory, recollection | 5 faculties (indriya) |
4 | samādhi | concentration | immersion, integration | 5 faculties (indriya) |
5 | paññā | wisdom | knowing, cognizance | 5 faculties (indriya) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | kāmacchanda | sensual desire | lust, grasping at sense pleasures | 5 hindrances (nivāraṇa) |
2 | vyāpāda | ill-will | hatred, malevolence | 5 hindrances (nivāraṇa) |
3 | thīna-middha | sloth and torpor | dullness, laziness | 5 hindrances (nivāraṇa) |
4 | uddhacca-kukkucca | restlessness and worry | anxiety | 5 hindrances (nivāraṇa) |
5 | vicikicchā | doubt | skeptical doubt | 5 hindrances (nivāraṇa) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | vitakka | aiming | thought, connecting, initial application | 5 jhāna factors |
2 | vicāra | sustaining | investigation, sustained application | 5 jhāna factors |
3 | pīti | rapture | joy, bliss | 5 jhāna factors |
4 | sukha | happiness | ease | 5 jhāna factors |
5 | ekaggatā | one-pointedness | single-pointedness | 5 jhāna factors |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | pāṇātipātā | not taking life | not killing | 5 precepts (sīla) |
2 | adinnādānā | not taking that which isn’t offered | not stealing | 5 precepts (sīla) |
3 | kāmesu-micchācāra | not committing sexual misconduct | not misusing sexuality/sexual energy [Alternate 3rd precept for retreat: celibacy, abstain from sexual expression, spiritual path (brahmacariya) | 5 precepts (sīla) |
4 | musāvādā | not lying | speak the truth with kindness | 5 precepts (sīla) |
5 | surāmeraya-majjapamādaṭṭhānā | not misusing intoxicants that cloud the mind | abstain from… | 5 precepts (sīla) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | niraya | hells | demonic | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) |
2 | peta | hungry ghosts | ghost | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) |
3 | tiracchāna | animal | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) | |
4 | manussa | human | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) | |
5 | asura | jealous gods | titans, demons | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) |
6 | deva | heavens | deities, spirits | 6 realms (loka) of cyclic existence (saṃsāra) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | cakkhu | eye, seeing | sight | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
2 | sota | ear, hearing | sound | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
3 | ghāna | nose, smelling | smell | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
4 | jivhā | tongue, tasting | taste | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
5 | kāya | body, sensing | touch | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
6 | mano | mind, thinking | cognition, think-feeling | 6 sense doors (āyatana) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sati | mindfulness | memory, recollection | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
2 | dhamma-vicāya | investigation | Investigation of dhammas/experience | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
3 | viriya | energy | vigor | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
4 | pīti | rapture | joy, bliss | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
5 | passaddhi | tranquility | repose, calm | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
6 | samādhi | concentration | immersion, integration | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
7 | upekkhā | equanimity | equilibrium | 7 factors of awakening/enlightenment (bojjhaṅga) |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sammā-diṭṭhi | wise view | right…view, understanding | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
2 | sammā-saṅkappa | wise intention | right…thought | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
3 | sammā-vācā | wise speech | right… | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
4 | sammā-kammanta | wise action | right…conduct, behavior | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
5 | sammā-ājīva | wise livelihood | right…living, occupation | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
6 | sammā-vāyāma | wise effort | right… | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
7 | sammā-sati | wise mindfulness | right…memory, recollection | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
8 | sammā-samādhi | wise concentration | right…immersion, unification | 8 Noble Eightfold Path |
No. in List | Pāli Term | Preferred Translation | Alternative Translations | List |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | avijjā | consciousness | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) | |
2 | saṅkhāra | volitional formations | kammic/karmic formations, choices | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
3 | viññāṇa | consciousness | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) | |
4 | nāmarūpa | name and form | name-and-form | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
5 | saḷāyatana | six sense bases | …doors | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
6 | phassa | contact | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) | |
7 | vedanā | feeling | affect, charge | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
8 | taṇhā | craving | wanting, thirst (lit.) | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
9 | upādāna | clinging | grasping, feeding (lit.) | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
10 | bhava | becoming | being, existence, continued existence | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
11 | jāti | birth | rebirth | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |
12 | jarāmaraṇa… | old age and death… | aging and death… [Full phrase: “aging-and-death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair” ( jarāmaraṇaṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā)] | 12 links (nidāna) of dependent origination (paṭicca-samuppāda) |